Black Sheep of the Family Quotes and Sayings

Idiom for oddness or disreputability

A black sheep stands out from the flock.

In the English language, black sheep is an idiom used to describe a member of a group, different from the remainder, specially within a family, who does not fit in. The term stems from sheep whose fleece is colored black rather than the more common white; these sheep stand up out in the flock and their wool was traditionally considered less valuable as information technology was non able to be dyed.

In big herds, black sheep are used considering they contrast against the landscape amend than their white siblings. Usually, one black sheep accompanies 100 white sheep in a flock of 1,000 or more, so that shepherds can easily count a flock.^{[ citation needed ]}

The term has typically been given negative implications, implying waywardness.^[1]

In psychology, the black sheep effect refers to the tendency of group members to judge likeable ingroup members more positively and deviant ingroup members more negatively than comparable outgroup members.^[2]

Origin [edit]

In virtually sheep, a white fleece is not caused past albinism merely past a common dominant gene that switches color production off, thus obscuring any other color that may be present.^{[ commendation needed ]} A black fleece is caused by a recessive gene, so if a white ram and a white ewe are each heterozygous for black, nearly i in 4 of their lambs will be blackness. In most white sheep breeds, only a few white sheep are heterozygous for black, then blackness lambs are ordinarily much rarer than this.

Idiomatic usage [edit]

The term originated from the occasional black sheep which are born into a flock of white sheep. Black wool was considered commercially undesirable because information technology could not exist dyed.^[1] In 18th and 19th century England, the black color of the sheep was seen every bit the mark of the devil.^[3] In mod usage, the expression has lost some of its negative connotations, though the term is normally given to the member of a group who has certain characteristics or lack thereof accounted undesirable past that group.^[4] Jessica Mitford described herself as "the red sheep of the family", a communist in a family of aloof fascists.^[5]

The idiom is also found in other languages, e.g. High german, French, Italian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Hebrew, Portuguese, Bosnian, Greek, Turkish, Hungarian, Dutch, Afrikaans, Swedish, Danish, Castilian, Catalan, Czech, Slovak, Romanian and Shine. During the Second Spanish Republic a weekly mag named El Exist Negre, pregnant 'The Black Sheep', was published in Barcelona.^[6]

The same concept is illustrated in some other languages by the phrase "white crow": for example, belaya vorona ( бе́лая воро́на ) in Russian and kalāg-e sefīd ( کلاغ سفید ) in Western farsi.

In psychology [edit]

In 1988, Marques, Yzerbyt and Leyens conducted an experiment where Belgian students rated the following groups according to trait-descriptors (e.g. sociable, polite, violent, cold): unlikeable Belgian students, unlikeable North African students, likeable Belgian students, and likeable North African students. The results indicated that favorability is considered highest for likeable ingroup members and everyman for unlikeable ingroup members, with the favorability of unlikeable and likeable outgroup members lying between the two ingroup members.^[two] These extreme judgements of likeable and unlikeable (i.e., deviant) ingroup members, relatively to comparable outgroup members is called "blackness sheep effect". This issue has been shown in diverse intergroup contexts and under a variety of weather, and in many experiments manipulating likeability and norm deviance.^{[7] [8] [9] [10]}

Explanations [edit]

A prominent explanation of the black sheep outcome derives from the social identity approach (social identity theory^[xi] and self-categorization theory^[12]). Group members are motivated to sustain a positive and distinctive social identity and, as a consequence, grouping members emphasize likeable members and evaluate them more positive than outgroup members, bolstering the positive prototype of their ingroup (ingroup bias). Furthermore, the positive social identity may be threatened by group members who deviate from a relevant group norm. To protect the positive grouping image, ingroup members derogate ingroup deviants more harshly than deviants of an outgroup (Marques, Abrams, Páez, & Hogg, 2001).^[13]

In addition, Eidelman and Biernat showed in 2003 that personal identities are besides threatened through deviant ingroup members. They fence that devaluation of deviant members is an individual response of interpersonal differentiation.^[14] Khan and Lambert suggested in 1998 that cognitive processes such as assimilation and contrast, which may underline the issue, should be examined.^[nine]

Limitations [edit]

Even though there is wide support for the black sheep effect, the opposite pattern has been found, for example, that White participants judge unqualified Blackness targets more negatively than comparable White targets (e.chiliad. Feldman, 1972;^[15] Linville & Jones, 1980).^[sixteen] Consequently, there are several factors which influence the blackness sheep effect. For instance, the higher the identification with the ingroup, and the college the entitativity of the ingroup, the more the blackness sheep issue emerges.^{[17] [18]} Even situational factors explaining the deviance have an influence whether the black sheep effect occurs.^[xix]

equally a projection

To put it more precisely, a "blackness sheep" is an outsider who stands out due to characteristics or behavior that do not correspond to the ideas or rules that apply and are accustomed in the group.  This difference is rated as unpleasant past the other grouping members or felt as "shameful".  In doing so, people who are different are not but made responsible for their own behavior, just as well by and large blamed for grievances in the grouping.[2]

In the group dynamic, the "black sheep" in the role of the outsider fulfills an important function as a scapegoat.  The grouping strengthens the inner cohesion at the expense of the outsider (bullying).  Uncomfortable fearful group bug are kept out of the group by being projected and personified onto the outsider.  The outsider is therefore a carrier of important and valuable free energy and can - properly integrated - contribute significantly to the positive development of the group and its work.[iii]

Run into besides [edit]

• Black swan theory
• Glossary of sheep husbandry
• Scapegoat
• Baa Baa Black Sheep
• The Ugly Duckling

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Ammer, Christine (1997). American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 64. ISBN978-0-395-72774-4 . Retrieved 2007-xi-thirteen .
2. ^ ^{a b} Marques, J. M.; Yzerbyt, V. Y.; Leyens, J. (1988). "The 'Black Sheep Consequence': Extremity of judgments towards ingroup members every bit a function of grouping identification". European Journal of Social Psychology. 18: one–xvi. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420180102.
3. ^ Sykes, Christopher Simon (1983). Black Sheep. New York: Viking Press. p. xi. ISBN978-0-670-17276-four.
4. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1992. Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-03-24 .
5. ^ "Red Sheep: How Jessica Mitford found her vox" by Thomas Mallon 16 Oct 2007 New Yorker Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
6. ^ El be negre (1931-1936) - La Ciberniz Archived 2013-02-11 at the Wayback Auto
7. ^ Branscombe, N.; Wann, D.; Noel, J.; Coleman, J. (1993). "In-grouping or out-group extremity: Importance of the threatened social identity". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 19 (4): 381–388. doi:ten.1177/0146167293194003.
8. ^ Coull, A.; Yzerbyt, V. Y.; Castano, E.; Paladino, One thousand.-P.; Leemans, V. (2001). "Protecting the ingroup: Motivated allocation of cognitive resources in the presence of threatening ingroup members". Grouping Processes & Intergroup Relations. 4 (four): 327–339. CiteSeerX10.i.i.379.3383. doi:10.1177/1368430201004004003.
9. ^ ^{a b} Khan, S.; Lambert, A. J. (1998). "Ingroup favoritism versus black sheep furnishings in observations of informal conversations". Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 20 (4): 263–269. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2004_3.
10. ^ Pinto, I. R.; Marques, J. M.; Levine, J. Thou.; Abrams, D. (2010). "Membership status and subjective grouping dynamics: Who triggers the black sheep effect?". Periodical of Personality and Social Psychology. 99 (1): 107–119. doi:10.1037/a0018187. PMID 20565188.
11. ^ Worchel, S.; Austin, W. M. (1979). The Social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
12. ^ Turner, J. C.; Hogg, M. A.; Oakes, P. J.; Reicher, S. D.; Wetherell, M. Due south. (1987). Rediscovering the Social grouping: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
13. ^ Hogg, M. A.; Tindale, S. (2001). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: grouping processes. Malden, Mass: Blackwell.
14. ^ Eidelman, Southward.; Biernat, M. (2003). "Derogating blackness sheep: Individual or group protection?". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 39 (six): 602–609. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00042-8.
15. ^ Feldman, J. G. (1972). "Stimulus characteristics and subject prejudice equally determinants of stereotype attribution". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 21 (three): 333–340. doi:10.1037/h0032313.
16. ^ Linville, P. Due west.; Jones, Eastward. E. (1980). "Polarized appraisals of out-group members". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38 (5): 689–703. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.689.
17. ^ Castano, Due east.; Paladino, M.; Coull, A.; Yzerbyt, 5. Y. (2002). "Protecting the ingroup stereotype: Ingroup identification and the management of deviant ingroup members". British Journal of Social Psychology. 41 (3): 365–385. doi:10.1348/014466602760344269. PMID 12419008. S2CID 2003883.
18. ^ Lewis, A. C.; Sherman, S. J. (2010). "Perceived entitativity and the blackness-sheep result: When will we denigrate negative ingroup members?". The Journal of Social Psychology. 150 (2): 211–225. doi:10.1080/00224540903366388. PMID 20397595.
19. ^ De Cremer, D.; Vanbeselaere, N. (1999). "I am deviant, because...: The impact of situational factors upon the black sheep effect". Psychologica Belgica. 39: 71–79.

External links [edit]

Look up black sheep in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Exploration of the etymology of the phrase "black sheep of the family"
• Marques, José M.; José M. Marques; Vincent Y. Yzerbyt (1988). "The blackness sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards ingroup members in inter-and intra-group situations". European Periodical of Social Psychology. 18 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420180308. Retrieved 2008-01-04 .

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_sheep

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